| Contents: |
Chapter 1. MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Measurement System Architecture
1.1.1 Sensor Dynamics
1.1.2 Overview of Signal Conditioning
1.2 Errors in Measurements
1.3 Standards Used in Measurements
1.3.1 Electrical Standards
1.3.1.1 The Volt
1.3.1.2 Resistance
1.3.1.3 Current and Charge
1.3.1.4 Capacitance
1.3.1.5 Inductance
1.3.2 Time and Frequency Standards
1.3.3 Physical Standards
1.3.3.1 Mass
1.3.3.2 Length
1.3.3.3 Temperature
1.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 2. ANALOG SIGNAL CONDITIONING
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Differential Amplifiers
2.1.1 Analysis of Differential Amplifiers
2.1.2 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
2.1.3 Measurement of CMRR, A(D), and A(C)
2.1.4 Effect of Source Resistance
Asymmetry on CMRR
2.2 Operational Amplifiers
2.2.1 Types of Op Amps
2.2.2 Basic Broad-Band Amplifier Design Using Op Amps
2.2.2.1 Non-Inverting Amplifier
2.2.2.2 The Inverting Amplifier and Summer
2.2.3 Current Feedback Op Amps
2.3 Analog Active Filter Applications
Using Conventional Op Amps
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Analog Active Filter Architectures
2.3.2.1 Controlled Source Active Filters
2.3.2.2 Biquad Active Filters
2.3.2.3 Generalized Impedance Converter Active Filters
2.3.3 High-Order Active Filters
2.3.4 Operational Amplifier Integrators
and Differentiators
2.3.5 Summary
2.4 Instrumentation Amplifiers
2.4.1 Instrumentation Amplifiers that
Can Be Made from Op Amps
2.4.2 Isolation Amplifiers
2.4.3 Autozero Amplifiers
2.4.4 Summary
2.5 Nonlinear Analog Signal Processing by
Op Amps and by Special Function Modules
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Precision Absolute Value (Absval)
Circuits
2.5.3 Multifunction Converters
2.5.4 True RMS to DC Converters
2.5.5 Square Root Circuits and Dividers
2.5.6 Peak Detectors and Track and Hold
(T&H) Circuits
2.5.7 Log Ratio and Trigonometric ICs
2.5.8 Conclusion
2.6 Charge Amplifiers
2.6.1 Charge Amplifiers Used with Piezoelectric Transducers
2.6.2 The Charge Amplifier as an
Integrating Coulombmeter
2.6.3 Summary
2.7 Phase-Sensitive Rectifiers
2.7.1 Double-Sideband,
Suppressed-Carrier Modulation
2.7.2 Demodulation of DSBSCM Signals by
Analog Multiplier
2.7.3 Other PSR Designs
2.7.4 The Lock-in Amplifier
2.7.5 Summary
2.8 Chapter Summary
Chapter 3. NOISE AND COHERENT INTERFERENCE
IN MEASUREMENTS
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Descriptions of Random Noise in
Circuits
3.1.1 The Probability Density Function
3.1.2 The Power Density Spectrum
3.1.3 Sources of Noise in Signal
Conditioning Systems
3.1.3.1 Noise from Resistors
3.1.3.2 The Two-Source Noise Model for
Active Devices
3.1.3.3 Noise in JFETs
3.1.3.4 Noise in BJTs
3.2 Propagation of Gaussian Noise through
Linear Filters
3.3 Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers
3.4 Spot Noise Factor and Figure
3.5 Transformer Optimization of Amplifier F(spot) and Output SNR
3.6 Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers
3.7 Examples of Calculations of the
Noise-Limited Resolution of Certain Signal-Conditioning Systems
3.7.1 Calculation of the Minimum
Resolvable AC Input Voltage to a Noisy,
Inverting Op Amp Amplifier
3.7.2 Calculation of the Minimum
Resolvable DC Current in White and I/f Noise
3.7.3 Calculation of the Minimum
Resolvable AC Input Signal to Obtain a
Specified Output SNR in a Transformer-Coupled, Tuned Amplifier
3.7.4 Calculation of the Smallest XXXR/R
in a Wheatstone Bridge to Give a Specified SNR(out)
3.7.5 Determination of the Conditions
for Maximum Output SNR Given a Simple
Inverting Op Amp Amplifier with Known
e(na) and i(na)
3.8 Modern, Low-Noise Amplifiers for Use
in Instrumentation Signal Conditioning Systems
3.9 Coherent Interference and its
Minimization
3.9.1 Sources of Coherent Interference
3.9.1.1 Direct Electrostatic Coupling of
Coherent Interference
3.9.1.2 Direct Magnetic Induction of
Coherent Interference
3.9.1.3 Ground Loops
3.9.2 Cures for Coherent Interference
3.9.2.1 Power Line Low-Pass Filters
3.9.2.2 Transient Voltage Suppressors
3.9.2.3 Coherent Interference Induced in
Coaxial Cables by Magnetic Coupling
3.9.2.4 Single Grounding of Coax Shields
to Prevent Ground Loop Interference
3.9.2.5 Use of a Longitudinal Choke or Neutralizing Transformer to Attenuate
Common-Mode Coherent Interference
3.9.2.6 Experimental Verification of
Cabling and Grounding Schemes to Achieve
Minimum Noise Pickup
3.9.3 Summary
3.10 Chapter Summary
Chapter 4. DC NULL METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Wheatstone Bridge Analysis
4.2 The Kelvin Bridge
4.3 Potentiometers
4.4 Chapter Summary
Chapter 5. AC NULL MEASUREMENTS
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Inductor Equivalent Circuits
5.2 Capacitor Equivalent Circuits
5.3 AC Operation of Wheatstone Bridges
5.4 AC Bridges
5.4.1 Bridges Used to Measure Capacitance
5.4.1.1 The Resistance Ratio Bridge
5.4.1.2 The Schering Bridge
5.4.1.3 The Parallel C Bridge
5.4.1.4 The De Sauty Bridge
5.4.1.5 The Wien Bridge
5.4.1.6 The Commutated Capacitor Bridge
5.4.2 Bridges Used to Measure Inductance
and Mutual Inductance
5.4.2.1 The Maxwell Bridge
5.4.2.2 The Parallel Inductance Bridge
5.4.2.3 The Hay Bridge
5.4.2.4 The Owen Bridge
5.4.2.5 The Anderson Bridge
5.4.2.6 The Heaviside Mutual Inductance Bridge
5.4.2.7 The Heydweiller Mutual
Inductance "Bridge"
5.4.3 Null Method of Measuring Transistor Small-Signal Transconductance
and Feedback Capacitance
5.5 Chapter Summary
Chapter 6. SURVEY OF SENSOR MECHANISMS
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Categories of Input Sensor Mechanisms
6.2 Resistive Sensors
6.2.1 Resistive Temperature Sensors
6.2.2 Resistive Strain Gauges
6.2.3 Photoconductors
6.2.4 Resistive Relative Humidity Sensors
6.2.5 Direct Resistance Change Used to Sense Position or Angle
6.3 Voltage-Generating Sensors
6.3.1 Thermocouples and Thermopiles
6.3.2 Photovoltaic Cells
6.3.3 Piezoelectric Transducers
6.3.4 Sensors Whose Voltage Output is
Proportional to dXXX XXX dt
6.3.4.1 The Variable Reluctance Phonograph Pickup
6.3.4.2 Electrodynamic Accelerometer
6.3.4.3 Linear Velocity Sensors
6.3.5 Sensors Whose Output EMF Depends
on the Interaction of a Magnetic Field
with Moving Charges
6.3.5.1 Faraday Effect Flowmeters
6.3.5.2 Hall Effect Sensors
6.4 Sensors Based on Variable Magnetic
Coupling
6.4.1 The Linear variable differential transformer
6.4.2 Synchros and Resolvers
6.5 Variable Capacitance Sensors
6.6 Fiber Optic Sensors
6.6.1 Magneto-Optic Current Sensors
6.6.2 Means of Measuring the Optical
Rotation of the Linearly Polarized Light
Output of Certain Optical Sensors
6.6.3 Fiber Optic (FO) Mechanosensors
6.7 Electrochemical Sensors
6.7.1 pH and Specific Ion Electrodes
6.7.2 Polarographic Electrodes
6.7.3 Fuel Cell Electrodes
6.8 Ionizing Radiation Sensors
6.8.1 Geiger-Muller Tubes
6.8.2 Solid-State Crystal Radiation Sensors
6.8.3 Scintillation Counters
6.9 Mechano-Optical Sensors
6.9.1 Optical Coding Disks
6.9.2 Sagnac Effect Sensing of Angular |
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| Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements |
| by Robert B. Northrop, 544pp - 1997, ISBN: 0849378982 |
| A Volume in Electronic Engineering Systems Series |
| Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements makes it easy to make an informed choice among sensors and signal conditioning systems. This excellent reference includes all the general information on instrumentation and measurements as well as the technical details needed to apply the information to problems in the real world. |
| Features |
- Describes quantum standards for the ohm, volt, and other modem measurement standards
- Includes a detailed treatment of linear and nonlinear analog signal processing
- Evaluates noise and coherent interference
- Presents numerous examples of optoelectronic instrument systems
- Introduces elements of digital signal conditioning used in measurement
- Discusses current industry trends
- Contains challenging problems
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| $94.95 |
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