2. Pearlite, Ferrite, and Cementite  17
Eutectoid Transformation  17
Structure of Pearlite  19
Pearlite Transformation Kinetics  21
Interphase Precipitation  31
Proeutectoid Phases  34
Proeutectoid Phase Formation  36
References  41

3. Martensite and Bainite  43
General Considerations  43
Martensitic Transformation Kinetics  47
Crystallography of Martensitic Transformation  57
Morphology of Ferrous Martensites  61
Plate Martensite  63
Lath Martensite  67
Bainite  78
References  84
 

4. Isothermal and Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams  89
Isothermal Transformation Diagrams  89
Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams  92
Continuous Cooling Transformation and Bar Diameter  104
Summary  105
References  105

5. Heat Treatments To Produce Ferrite and Pearlite  107
Full Annealing and Homogenizing  107
Normalizing  112
Spheroidizing  114
Process and Recrystalization Annealing  118
Cold Rolled and Annealed Sheet Steels  121
Strain and Quench Aging  125
Stress Relieving  130
Mechanical Properties of Ferrite-Pearlite Microstructures  13 
Microalloyed Bar and Forging Steels  139
References  142

6. Hardness and Hardenability  145
Hardness and Carbon Content  145
Martensite Strength  149
Definitions of Hardenability  152
Hardness Distribution  152
Factors Affecting Cooling Rates  156
Severity of Quench  159
Quantitative Hardenability  163
Determination of Ideal Size  167
Jominy Test for Hardenability  169
Recent Developments  173
References  177

7. Austenite in Steels  179
Austenite and Properties  179
Austenite Formation  182
Austenite Grain Size  188
Austenite Grain Size Control  193
References  201

8. Tempering of Steel  205
Mechanical Property Changes  205
Alloying Elements and Tempering  212
Structural Changes on Tempering  218
Embrittlement Phenomena and Tempering  229
Tempered Martensite Embrittlement  231
Temper Embrittlement  236
Aluminum Nitride Embrittlement  239
Liquid Metal Embrittlement  241
Hydrogen Embrittlement  241
Overheating of Forgings  244
Flow and Fracture of Tempered Steels  245
References  255

9. Special Heat Treatments  263
Residual Stress, Distortion, and Quench Cracking  263
Martempering  266
Austempering  267
Thermomechanical Treatments  269
Intercritical Heat Treatment  274
References  279

10. Surface Hardening  281
Flame Hardening  281
Induction Heating  282
Carburizing: Processing Principles  285
Carburizing: Properties and Structure  291
Carburizing: Fatigue and Fracture  302
Nitriding  305
Carbonitriding  310
Ferritic Nitrocarburizing  312
References  315

11. Surface Modification  319
Introduction  319
Plasma Nitriding  319
Plasma Carburizing  322
Ion Implantation and Ion Mixing  325
Physical Vapor Deposition: Processing  328
Physical Vapor Deposition: Microstructures  331
Chemical Vapor Deposition  337
Salt Bath Coating Process  338
Laser and Electron Beam Surface Modification  339
Summary  345
References  346

12. Stainless Steels  351
Alloy Design and Phase Equilibria  351
Austenitic Stainless Steels  359
Intergranular Carbides in Austenitic Stainless Steels  361
Martensite Formation in Austenitic Stainless Steels  366
Other Phases in Austenitic Stainless Steels  370
Other Austenitic Stainless Steels  371
Heat Treatment of Austenitic Stainless Steels  373
Ferritic Stainless Steels  375
Intermetallic Phases in Ferritic Stainless Steels  377
475 degrees Celsius (885 degrees Fahrenheit) Embrittlement in 
Ferritic Stainless Steels  379
Martensitic Stainless Steels  382
Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels  386
Duplex Stainless Steels  390
Summary  395
References  396

13. Tool Steels  41
Introduction  401
Classification of Tool Steels  401
Tool Steel Alloy Design  405
Primary Processing of Tool Steels  410
Annealing of Tool Steels  413
Stress Relief of Tool Steels  416
Hardening of Tool Steels  416
Preheating and Austenitizing  416
Hardenability and Martensite Formation  419
Grain Boundary Carbide Formation  422
Tempering of Tool Steels  424
Retained Austenite Transformation and Double Tempering in Tool Steels  427
Summary 428
References  428

14. Cast Irons  431
Phase Relationships  431
Gray Cast Irons  435
Ductile Cast Iron  438
Malleable Cast Iron  441
White Cast Irons  444
Austempered Ductile Irons  446
Cast Iron Surface Modification  450
Summary  451
References  452

Appendix 1: Glossary of Selected Terms  453

Appendix 2: Temperature Conversions  469

Index  473

• Coverage of low-carbon sheet steels, hardenable bar and forging steels, microalloyed bar steels, stainless steels (austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation-hardening, and duplex), tool steels, and cast irons.
• Tempering and its effect on properties, performance and fracture of high strength martensitic steels Microstructure-property relationships in conventionally nitrided and carburized steels New surface modification techniques, including ion or plasma nitriding, chemical and physical vapor deposition (CVD and PVD), ion implantation, and laser surface hardening.